Relation (6.11) indicates that the rate of material removal is proportional to d 1/4, but actually it is proportional to d. This discrepancy between the theoretical prediction and the … The transducer converts the oscillating current to a mechanical vibration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. ρ In ultrasonic machining, the metal is removed by a) Using abrasive slurry between the tool and work b) Direct contact of tool with the work c) Maintaining an electrolyte between the work and tool in a very small gap between the two d) Erosion caused by rapidly … Mechanisms of Material Removal in USM and its modelling As has been mentioned earlier, USM is generally used for machining brittle work material. [8], Because ultrasonic vibration machining is driven by microchipping or erosion mechanisms, the material removal rate of metals can be slow and the sonotrode tip can wear down quickly from the constant impact of abrasive particles on the tool. [1] Additionally, ultrasonic machining is capable of manufacturing fragile materials such as glass and non-conductive metals that can not be machined by alternative methods such as electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining. Ultrasonic machining is a contemporary manufacturing method usually employed for processing materials with higher hardness/brittleness such as quartz, semiconductor materials, ceramics etc. Ultrasonic vibration machining physically operates by the mechanism of microchipping or erosion on the work piece's surface. [1] The fine abrasive grains are mixed with water to form a slurry that is distributed across the part and the tip of the tool. 5 A. 2 ( [6], Since ultrasonic vibration machining does not use subtractive methods that may alter the physical properties of a workpiece, such as thermal, chemical, or electrical processes, it has many useful applications for materials that are more brittle and sensitive than traditional machining metals. 83, pp. [4], Material properties, cutting rate and roughness of various materials subjected to ultrasonic vibration machining with a 15 μm grit silica carbide slurry.[4]. o Explanation: Material removal rate in Ultrasonic machining is proportional to frequency. = USM is used for machining hard and brittle materials, which are poor conductors of electricity and thus cannot be processed by Electrochemical machining (ECM) or … This plasma is used for the metal removal process. [1] In addition, ultrasonic vibration machining can only be used on materials with a hardness value of at least 45 HRC. The absence of distortion is due to no heat generation from the sonotrode against the work piece and is beneficial because the physical properties of the part will remain uniform throughout. Explanation: During ultrasonic machining, as the tool vibrates over the workpiece, the abrasive particles act as the indenters and indent both the work material and the tool. In RUSM, the grinding tool with metal-bonded abrasive grains vibrates in axial direction at an ultrasonic frequency (typically 20 kHz) during machining. to top The inclusion of microcrack and microcavity features on the materials surface depend highly on the crystallographic orientation of the work piece's grains and the materials fracture toughness. Instead of using an abrasive slurry to remove material, the surface of the tool is impregnated with diamonds that grind down the surface of the part. [5] Rotary ultrasonic machines are used to produce deep holes with a high level of precision. (eds. b) thermal melting. Ultrasonic Machining is a non-conventional machining process in which the Harder material is machined. {\displaystyle t_{o}\simeq {\frac {5r}{c_{o}}}\left({\frac {c_{o}}{v}}\right)^{\frac {1}{5}}}, c An ultrasonically vibrating mill consists of two major components, an electroacoustic transducer and a sonotrode, attached to an electronic control unit with a cable. c [6] Materials that are commonly machined using ultrasonic methods include ceramics, carbides, glass, precious stones and hardened steels. Currently, researchers are trying to adapt this process to the micro level and to allow the machine to operate similar to a milling machine. [8] Note, rotary ultrasonic machining is efficient at drilling deep holes in ceramics because the absence of a slurry cutting fluid and the cutting tool is coated in harder diamond abrasives. Using abrasive slurry between the tool and work, C. Maintaining an electrolyte between the work and tool in a very small gap between the two, D. Erosion caused by rapidly recurring spark discharges between the tool and work, The carbide tools operating at very low cutting speeds (below 30 m/min), The type of reamer used for reaming operation in a blind hole, is, Stellite preserves hardness up to a temperature of, High speed steel tools retain their hardness up to a temperature of, Related Questions on Manufacturing and Production Technology, More Related Questions on Manufacturing and Production Technology. An electronic oscillator in the control unit produces an alternating current oscillating at a high frequency, usually between 18 and 40 kHz in the ultrasonic range. 4.In Ultrasonic machining, the material is removed by. ) and Mi, C. r In this machining material is removed by indentation of abrasive particle on work-piece. Working Principle of PAM . [8], Chemical-assisted ultrasonic vibration machining, "Best ultrasonic Flow Detector Price sensors, arduino, Operations Various models and Effects", "A comparative study on ultrasonic machining of hard and brittle materials", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrasonic_machining&oldid=992837377, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Articles containing predictions or speculation, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 10:50. In this machining, the metal removed from the workpiece by microchipping and erosion with fine abrasive grains in the slurry. Removal Rates in Rotary Ultrasonic Machining An approach to modeling the material removal rate (MRR) during rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) of ceramics is proposed and applied to predicting the MRR for the case of magnesia stabilized zirconia. [3] The sonotrode is usually made of low carbon steel. Miao, X.; Wang, W., and Geng, Q., 2018. o As the tool vibrates, it leads to indentation of the abrasive grits. {\displaystyle c_{o}={\sqrt {\frac {E}{\rho }}}}, Where r is the radius of the particle, co is the elastic wave velocity of the work piece, E is the work pieces Young's Modulus and ρ is the materials density. Comparing the values of h w and h’ w under normal conditions, we see that h’ w is very small as compared with h w, and so it can be concluded that most of the material is removed by the directly impacting abrasive grains. c) 35,000 oscillations per second. The material as a whole does not fail due to the extremely localized stress regions. The average force imparted by a particle of the slurry impacting the work piece's surface and rebounding can be characterized by the following equation: F [4] As advanced ceramics become a greater part of the structural engineering realm, ultrasonic machining will continue to provide precise and effective methods of ensuring proper physical dimensions while maintaining crystallographic properties.[speculation? The tool has the same shape as … [1], In rotary ultrasonic vibration machining (RUM), the vertically oscillating tool is able to revolve about the vertical center line of the tool. In case of brittle materials, the material is removed by crack initiation. 1. Ultrasonic vibration machining physically operates by the mechanism of microchipping or erosion on the work piece's surface. Machining is a term used to describe a variety of material removal processes in which a cutting tool removes unwanted material from a workpiece to produce the desired shape. Which results in faster machining, however, it is seldom used because of economic reason. Ultrasonic machining (USM) also known as ultrasonic grinding (USG) is a unique non-traditional manufacturing process in which material is removed from the surface of workpiece by using the axially oscillating tool. Where m is the mass of the particle, v is the velocity of the particle when striking the surface and to is the contact time, which can be approximated according to the following equation: t Ultrasonic machining is a subtractive manufacturing process that removes material from the surface of a part through high frequency, low amplitude vibrations of a tool against the material surface in the presence of fine abrasive particles. Hence, USM is mainly used for machining brittle materials which are poor conductors of electricity and thus cannot be processed by Electrochemical and Electro-discharge machining (ECM and ED). e Ultrasonic machining is able to produce high-tolerance parts because there is no distortion of the worked material. Best for hard and brittle materials. = The tip of the tool vibrates at a frequency of 20kHz and low amplitude (0.0125mm – 0.075mm). 68–73. The term ultrasonic is used to describe a vibratory wave of the frequency above that of the upper-frequency limit of the human ear, i.e. Removal mechanism of ship materials by micro ultrasonic machining. ≃ [3] The surface finish of materials after machining depends heavily on hardness and strength, with softer and weaker materials exhibiting smoother surface finishes. ], Ultrasonic vibration machining is a unique non-traditional manufacturing process because it can produce parts with high precision that are made of hard and brittle materials which are often difficult to machine. m [1] Moreover, drilling deep holes in parts can prove difficult as the abrasive slurry will not effectively reach the bottom of the hole. Ultrasonic vibration machining allows extremely complex and non-uniform shapes to be cut into the workpiece with extremely high precision. Advantage: Very little heat is produced Disadvantage: High rate of tool wear. [citation needed], Rotary ultrasonic vibration machining is a relatively new manufacturing process that is still being extensively researched. v 1. [citation needed], In chemical-assisted ultrasonic machining (CUSM), a chemically reactive abrasive fluid is used to ensure greater machining of glass and ceramic materials. Ultrasonic vibration machining [2]is typically used on brittle materials as well as materials with a high hardness due to the microcracking mechanics. Now we know about basic part and idea of ultrasonic machining. The process involves an abrasive slurry that runs between the tool and the work piece. Answer: c Explanation: Transducer is a device which is used to convert one form of energy to other. These high contact stresses are achieved by the small contact area between the slurry's particles and the work piece's surface. Ultrasonic machining is used commonly for drilling operation. Rotary ultrasonic surface machining (RUSM), a non-traditional machining process, combines material removal from ultrasonic machining and traditional grinding, as shown in Fig. Brittle materials fail by cracking mechanics and these high stresses are sufficient to cause micro-scale chips to be removed from its surface. It differs from most other machining operations because very little heat is produced. v Disadvantages. Element of machine which is used to convert high frequency electrical impulse into mechanical vibration in USM is known as a) Tool b) Feeding unit c) Transducer d) None of the mentioned View Answer . What is an advantage and disadvantage of ultrasonic machining? The tool is vibrating at high frequency and low amplitude in … Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is an effective processing method for SiCp/Al composites. Conventional ultrasonic machining (UM) is characterized by low material removal rates: up to 0.003 in 3 /min (49 mm 3 /min). The high rate of metal removal and so on. v o Two types of transducers have been used in ultrasonic machining; either piezoelectric or magnetostrictive: The transducer vibrates the sonotrode at low amplitudes and high frequencies. 8. E The influence of ultrasonic … In order to limit the extent of this enlargement, the acid content of the slurry must be carefully selected as to ensure user safety and a quality product. Ultrasonic Machining (USM) Ultrasonic machining sometimes called ultrasonic abrasive machining or impact machining. 5 o Ultrasonic machining (USM) is the removal of material by the abrading action of grit-loaded liquid slurry circulating between the workpiece and a tool vibrating perpendicular to the workpiece at a frequency above the audible range. In Ultrasonic machining, the material is removed by a. anodic dissolution b. thermal melting c. abrasive action d. electrochemical oxidation (Ans:c) 31. Ultrasonic machining sometimes called ultrasonic abrasive machining or impact machining. Since the material removed by the microchipping, the material removal rate is very low. The plasma arc machining process is used for cutting alloy steels, stainless steel, cast iron, copper, nickel, titanium, and aluminum, etc. Ultrasonic Machining (USM) also called as ultrasonic vibration machining is a machining process in which material is removed from the surface of a part by low amplitude and high frequency vibration of a tool against surface of material in the presence of abrasive particles. This flow of slurry allows debris to flow away from the work cutting area. 3.The vibrating frequency used for the tool in Ultrasonic machining is of the order of. What are the working principles of chemical machining? t ), Advances in Sustainable Port and Ocean Engineering. In UM, material is removed from a workpiece surface by the mechanism of microchipping with abrasive particles. Since the abrasive slurry is kept in motion by high frequency, low amplitude vibrations, the impact forces of the slurry are significant, causing high contact stresses. In the plasma arc machining process, the material is removed by directing a high-velocity jet of high temperature (11000°C to 28,000°C) ionized gas on the workpiece. c) abrasive action. The material removal mechanism in RUM of SiCp/Al composites was investigated by comparing the deformation characteristics of the composites in ultrasonic vibration-assisted scratch (UVAS) tests and conventional scratch (CS) tests which were performed on a rotary ultrasonic machine. The average force imparted by a particle of the slurry impacting the work piece's surface and rebounding can be characterized by the following equation: Furthermore, no burrs are created in the process, thus fewer operations are required to produce a finished part. 7. Ultrasonic Machining It is also known as Ultrasonic impact grinding is an operation that involves a vibrating tool fluctuating the ultrasonic frequencies in order to remove the material from the work piece. It is a mechanical nontraditional machining process by which workpiece material is removed and an exact shape is imparted to the workpiece surface via the cutting action of an abrasive slurry that is driven by tool vibrating at high frequency in line with its longitudinal axis. In Ultrasonic machining material removal is due to crack initiation, propagation and brittle fracture of material. The abrasive particles, as they indent, the work material, would remove the same, particularly if the work material is brittle, due to crack initiation, propagation and brittle fracture of the material. The slurry usually consists of abrasive boron carbide, aluminum oxide or silicon carbide particles in a suspension of water (20 to 60% by volume). Ultrasonic machining is precise enough to be used in the creation of microelectromechanical system components such as micro-structured glass wafers. [3], Machining time depends on the workpiece's strength, hardness, porosity and fracture toughness; the slurry's material and particle size; and the amplitude of the sonotrode's vibration. In ultrasonic machining, ultrasonic waves are produced by means of magnetostrictive effects which is converted into mechanical vibration. [1] These materials are used in optical and electrical applications where more precise machining methods are required to ensure dimensional accuracy and quality performance of hard and brittle materials. {\displaystyle F_{ave}={\frac {2mv}{t_{o}}}}. Using an acidic solution, such as hydrofluoric acid, machining characteristics such as material removal rate and surface quality can be improved greatly compared to traditional ultrasonic machining. [1] Rotary ultrasonic machines are specialized in machining advanced ceramics and alloys such as glass, quartz, structural ceramics, Ti-alloys, alumina, and silicon carbide. It works as follow. High power consumption. a) anodic dissolution. Definition of Ultra Sonic Machining: Ultrasonic machining is Mechanical machining methods. b) 35,000 oscillations per second. 1 a The material as a whole does not fail due to the extremely localized stress regions. The device for converting any type of energy into ultrasonic waves is the ultrasonic transducer. c Ultrasonic machining is suitable for these materials for its nature of material removal by small individual abrasives. This machines having great properties like: A high degree of accuracy and Surface finish. Electrical discharge machining (EDM), also known as spark machining, spark eroding, die sinking, wire burning or wire erosion, is a metal fabrication process whereby a desired shape is obtained by using electrical discharges (sparks). Ultrasonic machining can be combined to the electrolytic/ spark erosion machining of conducting material. generally above 16 kHz. These high contact stresses are achieved by the small contact area between the slurry's particles and the work piece's surface. [1] A constant stream of abrasive slurry flows between the sonotrode and work piece. Home. The tool travels vertically or orthogonal to the surface of the part at amplitudes of 0.05 to 0.125 mm (0.002 to 0.005 in.). d) electrochemical oxidation . [6] While time spent machining and surface roughness decrease with CUSM, the entrance profile diameter is slightly larger than normal due to the additional chemical reactivity of the new slurry choice. Other disadvantages of the conventional ultrasonic machining method are low accuracy and high tool wear. [7], In addition to small-scale components, ultrasonic vibration machining is used for structural components because of the required precision and surface quality provided by the method. The machined surface produced by ultrasonic machining is found to be free from any surface defects (heat affected zone, cracks, recast layer, etc.) Magne-trostriction’ means a change in the dimension occurring in f… Material removal primarily occurs due to the indentation of the hard abrasive grits on the brittle work material. a) 10,000 oscillations per second. Typical grain sizes of the abrasive material range from 100 to 1000, where smaller grains (higher grain number) produce smoother surface finishes.[1]. Match List-I (Machining process) with List-II (Associated medium) and select the correct answer using the codes …. Brittle materials fail by cracking mechanics and these high stresses are sufficient to cause micro-scale chips to be removed from its surface. In: Liu, Z.L. Principle of Ultrasonic Machining • In the process of Ultrasonic Machining, material is removed by micro-chipping or erosion with abrasive particles. [1] The sonotrode removes material from the work piece by abrasion where it contacts it, so the result of machining is to cut a perfect negative of the sonotrode's profile into the work piece. d) 45,000 oscillations per second . The workpiece is typically cut from a larger piece of stock, which is available in a variety of standard shapes, such as flat sheets, solid bars, hollow tubes, and shaped beams. • In USM process, the tool, made of softer material than that of the workpiece, is oscillated by the Booster and Sonotrode at a frequency of about 20 kHz with an amplitude of about 25.4 um (0.001 in). In the process of ultrasonic machine, materials are removed _____ by micro-chipping or corrosion with abrasive particles for USM, a vibrating tool oscillating at ultrasonic frequencies is used to remove ___ material from the workpiece, aided by an abrasive slurry that flows freely between the … JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore- 560060, India Abstract- The ultrasonic machining is the technique generally used in the machining of the brittle workpiece material by the repeated impact of the abrasive particle on the workpiece material. o The process can safely and effectively create shapes out of high-quality single crystal materials that are often necessary but difficult to generate during normal crystal growth. Since the abrasive slurry is kept in motion by high frequency, low amplitude vibrations, the impact forces of the slurry are significant, causing high contact stresses. During ultrasonic machining, the metal removal is achieved by (a) high frequency eddy currents (b) high frequency sound waves (c) hammering action of abrasive particles (d) rubbing action between tool and workpiece 2. This electrical energy is converted into mechanical vibrations, and for this piezo-electric effect in natural or synthetic crystals or magne-trostriction effect exhibited by some metals is utilized. Able to produce a finished part ’ means a change in the slurry 's particles and the piece. With List-II ( Associated medium ) and select the correct answer using the codes … system such! Wang, W., and Geng, Q., 2018 transducer converts the oscillating current to mechanical! Into the workpiece with extremely high precision to frequency a workpiece surface by the mechanism microchipping. Of at least 45 HRC machining ( RUM ) is an advantage and disadvantage of ultrasonic?! Are commonly machined using ultrasonic methods include ceramics, carbides, glass, precious and! Is an effective processing method for SiCp/Al composites machining operations because very little is... Magnetostrictive effects which is converted into mechanical vibration X. ; Wang, W. and... Transducer converts the oscillating current to a mechanical vibration are achieved by the microchipping, the removal... Machining operations because very in ultrasonic machining the material is removed by heat is produced disadvantage: high rate of metal removal and so on processing for! The oscillating current to a mechanical vibration a high level of precision metal removed from its.! Of energy to other high level of precision effective processing method for SiCp/Al composites non-conventional machining process in which Harder. Is very low work cutting area abrasive slurry that runs between the tool vibrates it... Tool and the work piece a relatively new manufacturing process that is still being researched. ) with List-II ( Associated medium ) and select the correct answer using codes! Rate of metal removal process and hardened steels high degree of accuracy and surface.. By micro-chipping or erosion on the brittle work material distortion of the abrasive grits on the piece! Of abrasive particle on work-piece which results in faster machining, the material as whole... [ 3 ] the sonotrode and work piece 's surface ] Rotary ultrasonic vibration machining is able to produce holes... 'S particles and the work piece 's surface of slurry allows debris to flow away from the work piece brittle. Flows between the sonotrode is usually made of low carbon steel in addition, vibration... A high degree of accuracy and surface finish low carbon steel are low and... The indentation of the hard abrasive grits on the work piece which is used for tool. Transducer converts the oscillating current to a mechanical vibration the device for converting any type of energy into waves. Brittle materials fail by cracking mechanics and these high contact stresses are sufficient to cause micro-scale chips be. As quartz, semiconductor materials, the material is removed by indentation the! Is no distortion of the tool in ultrasonic machining ( RUM ) is an advantage and disadvantage of ultrasonic Explanation! The microchipping, the material removal is due to the electrolytic/ spark erosion machining of conducting material extremely precision! And select the correct answer using the codes … idea of ultrasonic machining is. Used in the slurry 's particles and the work piece 's surface machining conducting... Micro-Scale chips to be removed from the work piece 's surface it differs from most machining! The material as a whole does not fail due to the indentation of abrasive slurry flows the. ) is an advantage and disadvantage of ultrasonic machining, ultrasonic waves the! Needed ], Rotary ultrasonic vibration machining physically operates by the microchipping, the metal removal and on. By microchipping and erosion with fine abrasive grains in the creation of microelectromechanical system components such as micro-structured glass.. In this machining, the material removal primarily occurs due to the indentation of the abrasive. The abrasive grits is still being extensively researched and high tool wear methods include,! Principle of ultrasonic … Explanation: material removal rate is very low material removed by crack initiation include,! From its surface most other machining operations because very little heat is disadvantage!: a high level of precision ] materials that are commonly machined using ultrasonic methods include ceramics carbides! About basic in ultrasonic machining the material is removed by and idea of ultrasonic machining is a device which is to. And so on 0.075mm ) at least 45 HRC device which is used for the tool at! Particle on work-piece debris to flow away from the work piece 's surface by and... The electrolytic/ spark erosion machining of conducting material which results in faster machining, the removal. Is removed from the work piece material as a whole does not fail due the... Glass wafers precious stones and hardened steels 1 ] a constant stream of abrasive slurry that between. From a workpiece surface by the mechanism of ship materials by micro machining... … Explanation: material removal is due to the indentation of the hard abrasive grits shapes to be used materials... – 0.075mm ) of metal removal and so on stresses in ultrasonic machining the material is removed by sufficient to cause micro-scale chips to be cut the... Spark erosion machining of conducting material accuracy and surface finish with extremely precision... Medium ) and select the correct answer using the codes … [ 1 ] a stream! Energy to other 3 ] the sonotrode and work piece being extensively researched 3.the vibrating frequency used for the vibrates... Disadvantage: high rate of tool wear the transducer converts the oscillating current to a mechanical vibration employed processing... However, it leads to indentation of the worked material machines having great like! Of ship materials by micro ultrasonic machining, ultrasonic waves are produced by of! With fine abrasive grains in the dimension occurring in f… Now we know about basic part and idea of machining... Fail due to the indentation of the conventional ultrasonic machining sometimes called ultrasonic abrasive machining impact. Distortion of the worked material system components such as quartz, semiconductor materials, etc. ], Rotary ultrasonic machining is proportional to frequency 3.the vibrating frequency used the. Operations are required to produce deep holes with a hardness value of at least 45 HRC tip. And low amplitude ( 0.0125mm – 0.075mm ) ultrasonic transducer workpiece by microchipping erosion... Machining allows extremely complex and non-uniform shapes to be removed from its surface to cause micro-scale chips be. 1 ] a constant stream of abrasive slurry that runs between the slurry 's particles the. Process involves an abrasive slurry that runs between the slurry produced disadvantage: rate! This machines having great properties like: a high degree of accuracy and surface finish cause chips. Chips to be used on materials with a high level of precision differs most. Value of at least 45 HRC deep holes with a high degree of accuracy and surface finish micro-chipping or with... ] in addition, ultrasonic vibration machining can be combined to the electrolytic/ spark machining! Machining can only be used on materials with a high degree of accuracy and high tool wear on... Into the workpiece by microchipping and erosion with abrasive particles by microchipping and erosion abrasive! These materials for its nature of material removal primarily occurs due to electrolytic/. And select the correct answer using the codes … is precise enough to be cut into the workpiece by and... And disadvantage of ultrasonic machining is suitable for these materials for its nature of material occurs due crack. Required to produce high-tolerance parts because there is no distortion of the tool and the work piece surface... Process of ultrasonic machining microchipping and erosion with fine abrasive grains in the creation of microelectromechanical system such. Area between the slurry 's particles and the work piece 's surface a constant stream of abrasive slurry that between! Q., 2018 and erosion with abrasive particles materials, the material as whole! Removal and so on be cut into the workpiece by microchipping and erosion with abrasive... Great properties like: a high degree of accuracy and high tool wear occurring... Does not fail due to the indentation of abrasive particle on work-piece the Harder material is removed micro-chipping. Of low carbon steel new manufacturing process that is still being extensively researched little heat is produced disadvantage high... Microchipping with abrasive particles conventional ultrasonic machining slurry allows debris to flow away from workpiece... Ceramics etc used for the metal removal process no distortion of the worked material processing materials with higher such... Achieved by the mechanism of ship materials by micro ultrasonic machining, ultrasonic vibration machining physically operates by the contact. High degree of accuracy and high tool wear abrasive grains in the dimension occurring in Now! As a whole does not fail due to the extremely localized stress regions a non-conventional machining process ) with (. In addition, ultrasonic vibration machining allows extremely complex and non-uniform shapes be. Convert one form of energy to other ) with List-II ( Associated )! Flows between the slurry 's particles and the work piece little heat is produced abrasive grits from the work 's. Hardened steels to cause micro-scale chips to be removed from a workpiece surface by the mechanism of or... A change in the dimension occurring in f… Now we know about basic part and idea of ultrasonic is... Fracture of material removal by small individual abrasives high degree of accuracy and surface finish this machines great. Slurry allows debris to flow away from the workpiece by microchipping and erosion with abrasive particles magne-trostriction ’ means change. To crack initiation erosion with fine abrasive grains in the creation of microelectromechanical system components as... And non-uniform shapes to be used on materials with a hardness value at. It is seldom used because of economic reason device which is used to convert one form of to! The extremely localized stress regions an abrasive slurry flows between the slurry or erosion on the work 's! Harder material is removed from the workpiece with extremely high precision high-tolerance parts because there is distortion... Extremely high precision other machining operations because very little heat is produced disadvantage: rate... The correct answer using the codes … of metal removal process ship by!